By Zhao Yanan and Chen Yue
趙雅楠 陳岳
August 15 this year marks the 80th anniversary of Japan's announcement of unconditional surrender. Looking back, the aggressive wars launched by Japanese militarism once brought untold suffering to the peoples of Asian countries. After WWII, Japan implemented a pacifist constitution that explicitly restricted the development of its armed forces to prevent the resurgence of militarism. However, the specter of militarism has never left Japan and its right-wing forces have never abandoned their dream of becoming a military power. In recent years, in particular, driven by ambitions for military expansion and under the encouragement and connivance of the US, Japan has step by step hollowed out its pacifist constitution in an attempt to break away from the postwar system, which has aroused deep concern in the international community over a potential revival of militarism.
今年8月15日是日本宣布無條件投降80周年?；赝麣v史，日本軍國主義發(fā)動的侵略戰(zhàn)爭曾給亞洲各國人民帶來深重災難。二戰(zhàn)結束后，為防止軍國主義復活，日本施行和平憲法，明確限制軍力發(fā)展。然而，軍國主義的幽靈并未離開日本列島，日本右翼勢力從未放棄成為“軍事大國”的迷夢。尤其是近年來，為謀求軍事擴張，再加上美國的慫恿和縱容，日本一步步架空和平憲法，試圖擺脫戰(zhàn)后體制，引發(fā)國際社會對其軍國主義復活的深刻憂慮。
Japan has been continuously breaking through restrictions to loosen the constraints on its military development. In April 2014, Japan approved the Three Principles on Transfer of Defense Equipment and Technology on the Cabinet meeting, drastically loosening restrictions on arms and technology exports. In essence, it has effectively scrapped the Three Principles on Arms Exports that had been in place for nearly half a century. In September 2015, the Japanese government forced through new security legislation despite widespread criticism that the move was unconstitutional, legalizing the exercise of collective self-defense and overseas deployments of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces (JSDF). In December 2022, the Japanese government formally adopted the National Security Strategy (NSS), the National Defense Strategy (NDS) and the Defense Buildup Program (DBP). These documents emphasize the capabilities to strike enemy bases, marking a shift from the long-standing exclusively defense-oriented policy to a posture that embraces preemptive strikes.
日本不斷突破禁區(qū)為軍事發(fā)展松綁。2014年4月，日本內閣會議通過“防衛(wèi)裝備轉移三原則”，大幅放寬了武器裝備和技術出口限制，實質上廢除了實施近半個世紀的“武器出口三原則”。2015年9月，日本政府不顧違憲爭議強行通過新安保法案，使自衛(wèi)隊行使集體自衛(wèi)權和向海外派兵“法律化”。2022年12月，日本政府正式通過新版《國家安全保障戰(zhàn)略》《國家防衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)略》《防衛(wèi)力量整備計劃》等三份安保政策文件，強調發(fā)展“對敵基地攻擊能力”，標志著戰(zhàn)后日本安保政策發(fā)生重大轉變，由“專守防衛(wèi)”轉向“先發(fā)制人”。
Japan has been pursuing the development of offensive military capabilities. First, Japan has sharply increased its defense budget. Since fiscal year 2023, the annual defense spending of Japan has consecutively exceeded 6 trillion, 7 trillion, and 8 trillion yen. Under the three new national security documents, Japan plans to raise defense spending to 2% of its GDP in fiscal year 2027. This unprecedented level of defense investment breaks the post-war convention, long observed by Japanese governments, of keeping the defense budget below 1% of GDP, and will provide substantial financial backing for its military expansion. Second, Japan has constructed the capabilities to strike enemy bases by the JSDF. In recent years, it has pushed forward the development of hypersonic and ballistic missile technologies, deployed various types of anti-ship missiles, and introduced offensive weapons such as Tomahawk cruise missiles to enhance its standoff strike capability. Third, Japan has sought to acquire combat capabilities in emerging domains. From establishing a Space Operations Squadron, to expanding the size and mission scope of the JSDF Cyber Defense Unit, and accelerating the formation of electronic warfare units in Japan's southwestern regions...Tokyo has been steadily enhancing its military footprint in space, cyberspace, and the electromagnetic spectrum. Moreover, it is integrating these "new-type forces" with conventional land, sea, and air power, aiming to use such capabilities as force multipliers to bolster its overall military strength.
尋求發(fā)展進攻性軍事能力。一是大幅提高防衛(wèi)預算。自2023財年起，日本防衛(wèi)預算連續(xù)突破6萬億、7萬億、8萬億日元。根據(jù)新“安保三文件”，日本計劃將2027財年防衛(wèi)預算增加到占國內生產總值的2%。如此高額的防衛(wèi)投入，打破了戰(zhàn)后日本政府基本遵循的防衛(wèi)費占國內生產總值不超過1%的慣例，將為日本軍事擴張?zhí)峁┵Y金支持。二是構筑自衛(wèi)隊“反擊能力”。日本近年來不斷推動發(fā)展高超音速導彈和彈道導彈技術，部署多類型反艦導彈，并引進“戰(zhàn)斧”巡航導彈等進攻性武器裝備，以提升防區(qū)外打擊能力。三是謀求新興領域作戰(zhàn)能力。從組建太空作戰(zhàn)部隊，到擴大自衛(wèi)隊網絡防衛(wèi)隊編制和任務范圍，再到加快在日本西南方向組建電子戰(zhàn)部隊……日本持續(xù)強化在太空、網絡、電磁等新興領域的軍事能力，并推動其與陸?？諅鹘y(tǒng)領域軍力建設融合發(fā)展，意圖借助“新質戰(zhàn)力”來賦能傳統(tǒng)軍事力量，進而提升日本整體軍事實力。
Japan has continued to build an extensive military cooperation network. Following the removal of restrictions on the right of collective self-defense, Tokyo has gradually established a legal pretext for external defense cooperation, using it to intensify military interactions with other countries and push toward military normalization, which further undermines the constraints of the pacifist constitution. On the one hand, Japan has been deepening the Japan-US alliance. Through setting up the JSDF Joint Operations Command (JJOC), expanding the scale and frequency of joint drills with US forces, and upgrading bilateral defense and security cooperation, Japan has been actively cooperating with Washington’s military posture and force deployments in the so-called Indo-Pacific region. In doing so, Japan not only boosts its military capabilities but also secures tacit US support for loosening the post-war restrictions on its armed forces. On the other hand, Tokyo has been using military ties to court other partners. It has signed Reciprocal Access Agreements (RAA) with Australia, the UK, and the Philippines in an attempt to secure more footholds for the overseas presence of the JSDF. At the same time, Japan has stepped up military engagement with NATO, steadily strengthening institutionalized cooperation under the banner of exchanges and joint activities. In essence, these moves serve to promote its own military buildup.
持續(xù)打造軍事合作網絡。解禁集體自衛(wèi)權后，日本逐步確立了對外防務合作的法理“正當性”，開始不斷加強與相關國家的軍事互動，謀求“軍事正常化”，進一步突破了和平憲法限制。一方面，日本持續(xù)深化日美同盟，通過新設“統(tǒng)合作戰(zhàn)司令部”、加大與美軍演訓規(guī)模與頻率、升級與美防務安全合作等方式，積極配合美國在印太地區(qū)的軍事布局和兵力部署調整，在提升自身軍事能力的同時，換取美對其軍事松綁的默許和支持。另一方面，日本通過軍事紐帶拉攏相關國家，先后與澳大利亞、英國以及菲律賓簽署《互惠準入?yún)f(xié)定》，企圖為自衛(wèi)隊的海外存在尋找更多立足點。此外，日本還加緊與北約軍事勾連，持續(xù)強化與北約的機制化合作，以合作交流之名為自身軍事發(fā)展造勢。
Any betrayal of historical truth will, in the end, face the judgment of justice. On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War, Japan's series of unprecedented military moves is drawing scrutiny from its Asian neighbors and the international community. As a defeated nation of WWII, Japan has the responsibility to draw lessons from history, honor the pacifist constitution, and genuinely pursue friendship with neighbors and peaceful development. The peace-loving people of the world must never forget the history written in blood and sacrifice. They must remain vigilant against any resurgence of Japanese militarism, firmly defend the victorious outcomes of WWII, and jointly create a better future for all of humanity.
任何對歷史的背叛，終將招致正義的審判。在紀念中國人民抗日戰(zhàn)爭暨世界反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭勝利80周年之際，亞洲鄰國和國際社會正以高度警惕的目光，審視日本在軍事領域的一系列突破性舉措。作為二戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)敗國，日本理應以史為鑒，恪守和平憲法，真正實現(xiàn)與鄰為善、和平發(fā)展。全世界珍愛和平的人民必須牢記用鮮血和生命書寫的歷史，時刻警惕日本軍國主義死灰復燃，堅定捍衛(wèi)二戰(zhàn)勝利成果，共同創(chuàng)造人類更加美好的未來。
(The author is from the PLA Academy of Military Sciences.)
（作者單位：軍事科學院）
